Memorial Day

Memorial Day, when heroes should be remembered with reverence for fighting not only for our country, but for the very idea of democracy.

Robert Cummings in Saboteur (1942) has an inspirational showdown of words with Otto Kruger.

Happy National Classic Movie Day!

Happy National Classic Movie Day!  I celebrate the continuing relevance of classic films.  Here, Spencer Tracy in Judgment at Nuremberg (1961).  I celebrate when movies took a stand.

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Jacqueline T. Lynch is the author of Ann Blyth: Actress. Singer. Star. and Movies in Our Time - Hollywood Mirrors and Mimics the Twentieth Century and Hollywood Fights Fascism and Christmas in Classic Films. TO JOIN HER READERS' GROUP - follow this link for a free book as a thank-you for joining.

My new non-fiction book, CHILDREN'S WARTIME ADVENTURE NOVELS - The Silent Generation's Vicarious Experience of World War II -- is now available in eBook here at Barnes & Noble, Apple, Kobo, and a wide variety of other online shops.

Or here from my Shopify store if you want to buy direct from me and avoid the big companies.

And it is here in eBook, paperback print, and hardcover, from Amazon.

It is also here in paperback from Ingram.

And here in hardcover from Ingram.

From Cherry Ames, to Meet the Malones, from Dave Dawson to Kitty Carter - Canteen Girl, the Silent Generation spent their childhood immersed in geopolitical events through the prism of their middle grade and young adult books.  From the home front to the battlefield, these books are a window on their world, and influenced their hard-working, conformity-loving generation. 

Buy this or any of my books online here at Bookshop.org.

Sons of the Desert - 1933

Sons of the Desert (1933) brings Laurel and Hardy into the fold of a fraternal organization that, with manly promises of fidelity to the club, gives them courage to deceive their wives and escape for a holiday at the annual convention without them.

This is my entry in the “Make ‘Em Laugh” blogathon hosted by the Classic Movie Blog Association.  Have a look here for more great bloggers.

The hijinks are, of course, frequently hysterical, and it comes as a surprise that comedies such as theirs that, based on simple human foibles and predictable reactions, must launch from an ironic sophistication.  Though their characters have childlike mentality, their creators are masters of the human condition.

Their first entrance, arriving late at the lodge meeting and picking their way through the audience to find a couple of empty chairs together down front is a great example of how even a simple situation becomes increasingly complicated and funny.

The human reactions may be predictable; the action is anything but.  Gags roll on one after another with often surprising outcomes.  Just the opening routine with them finally settling down to their seats ends with the loud and unexpected slap of their wooden chairs together when Stan pushes his chair up against Oliver’s, painfully trapping Ollie’s hand.  Their timing, as always, is something amazing.

 

The elaborate gags are the point of the movie, of course; the plot is just a mere skeleton on which to hang the next gag.

 

The boys want to go with their lodge brothers to the national convention in Chicago, but their wives won’t let them.  They live side by side in a duplex.  Hardy’s wife is played by Mae Busch, who appeared in more than a dozen Laurel and Hardy films, often as Hardy’s wife.  Here she is at her tip-top shrewish best, frequently pelting the squirming Hardy with every pot and pan in the house.

Stan is married to Dorothy Christy.  Ollie tells Stanley he must be a man and not ask his wife’s permission to go to the convention, but to firmly tell her so.  We find when they arrive home, Stan’s wife is out duck hunting and won’t be back until late.  As funny as this is, it’s made better still by the nonchalant announcement from Mae Busch that she won’t be back until late because she is duck hunting, and the boys take it as a matter of course.

Of course, his wife is out duck hunting.  Stan sits with Mae and Ollie until his wife comes home because he is locked out, and he contents himself by eating their wax fruit.  Later, when Mae is frustrated with Stan, she yells, “You wax eater!”

When Dorothy returns with a brace of ducks and her shotgun over her shoulder, we may feel worried for Stan, yet it turns out she has easily given her consent to Stan going to his lodge convention. Weaponry or no, she has a soft heart.  It is Ollie who has the problem getting out of the house.  Mae wants him to take her to the mountains for a vacation.

Made in the depths of the Great Depression, it’s interesting to note that there is no reflection of hard times in this adventure.  Their duplex apartments are modest, but they seem to have all the up-to-date furnishings and household equipment.  We don’t know what occupations Stan and Ollie have, but they are apparently well off enough to take vacations.  Especially when Ollie fakes an illness which requires him, he says, to go to Hawaii for a rest cure.  Hawaii?

About the only hint of the Great Depression is the NRA “blue eagle” at the beginning and end of the movie.

 

He moans and groans, his feet planted in a tin tub of hot water, while Mae worriedly fusses over him.  The doctor who comes, played by Lucien Littlefield, is actually a veterinarian Stan engaged for the ploy.  Ollie asks Stan why he got a veterinarian?  Stan replies with noble egalitarian tones, “I didn’t think his religion would make any difference.”

Mae is fooled, and allows Ollie to go on a cruise to Honolulu for his health.  She doesn’t go because she gets seasick, but is okay with Stan going along to take care of Ollie.  

Of course, they don’t go to Honolulu, they go to Chicago for their convention, take part in a rousing parade, and enjoy the convention carousing with overbearing party animal Charley Chase, from the Texas contingent.  He is a practical joker who slaps rear-ends with a paddle and shouts approvingly, “That’s a darb!” when someone cracks a funny remark.  He is also Ollie’s brother-in-law, but doesn’t know it because he’s never met him.  Charley calls his sister as a prank, and puts Ollie on the phone, who is surprised to hear his wife’s voice, and nervously says, “Goodbye, Sugar,” as a matter of habit.

Ty Parvis sings “Honolulu Baby,” as part of the floor show (which Stan and Ollie pick up on and you will never get out of your head for the next day or two), and Charita Alden is a principal dancer showing off the alure of a grass skirt.  They may not have made it to Honolulu on the ship, but Honolulu came to them.

The boys return home, but there’s trouble.  The boat on which they were to return from Honolulu flounders at sea, is sinking and passengers must be rescued.  The wives are frantic with worry, horror-stricken down at the steamship office to await word of survivors.  

The boys discover the news when they see the dramatic headlines in the newspaper, and they know they’re in for it.

The girls actually discover the truth when they see a newsreel that shows Stan and Ollie mugging in the convention parade in Chicago.

When the girls come home, the boys’ first instinct is to hide, so they head for the attic.  When they bed down up there, another gag is introduced that plays out over and over, when Stan says they will be like “two peas in a pot.”  Ollie corrects him, “Two peas in a pod…Po-DUH.”  Later on, when Mae Busch says the word “pot,” Stan will properly correct her, “Po-DUH.”

They boys will eventually end up on the roof in the pouring rain, fearful of Stan’s duck-hunting wife with the shotgun.  When they are caught and must explain themselves, Ollie’s coy marching his fingers up the doorframe, a trademark move with Oliver Hardy to finger fiddle, and even his use of the theatrical chestnut, “That’s all there is, there isn’t anymore,” (see this previous post on Ethel Barrymore for the explanation to that one), does nothing to save his hide.  Mae is furious and bent on killing him via chucking all the pots (or po-DUHS) at him. 

Stan, unable to bear the strain, breaks down as only he can, and whimpers a squeaky-voiced confession.  His wife marches him home, but there is no pot-throwing or shotgun firing; she forgives Stan and we see him all cozy with a box of chocolates because he has confessed like a good boy.

There’s a lot of action for a film that’s only just over one hour long.  Sons of the Desert, the name of their lodge, became the name of the international Laurel and Hardy fan club, with “tents” all over the world bearing names reflective of their films.  The Night Owls was a branch of this brotherhood in western Massachusetts, where a gentleman named Hal Stanton presided and also hosted a local television show programming Laurel and Hardy shorts.  This is where I became a fan as a small child.  Have a look at this post and its comments for more on the Sons of the Desert lodges.

And stop by the CMBA site for more blogs in the “Make ‘Em Laugh” blogathon!

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Jacqueline T. Lynch is the author of Ann Blyth: Actress. Singer. Star. and Movies in Our Time - Hollywood Mirrors and Mimics the Twentieth Century and Hollywood Fights Fascism and Christmas in Classic Films. TO JOIN HER READERS' GROUP - follow this link for a free book as a thank-you for joining.

My new non-fiction book, CHILDREN'S WARTIME ADVENTURE NOVELS - The Silent Generation's Vicarious Experience of World War II -- is now available in eBook here at Barnes & Noble, Apple, Kobo, and a wide variety of other online shops.

Or here from my Shopify store if you want to buy direct from me and avoid the big companies.

And it is here in eBook, paperback print, and hardcover, from Amazon.

It is also here in paperback from Ingram.

And here in hardcover from Ingram.

From Cherry Ames, to Meet the Malones, from Dave Dawson to Kitty Carter - Canteen Girl, the Silent Generation spent their childhood immersed in geopolitical events through the prism of their middle grade and young adult books.  From the home front to the battlefield, these books are a window on their world, and influenced their hard-working, conformity-loving generation. 

Buy this or any of my books online here at Bookshop.org.

Happy National Cartoonists Day!

 Happy National Cartoonists Day to my twin brother, John!

Arte Acher's Falling Circus, a collection of silly cartoons!  In paperback or eBook!

Happy Easter with Old Time Radio

Easter silliness is celebrated with misadventures on Our Miss Brooks, when Eve Arden and her stellar cast get themselves covered in Easter egg dye.  This radio program was actually aired Easter Sunday, April 9, 1950.

Over in The Great Gildersleeve's neighborhood, the cast prepares for a more spiritual Easter, with plans to attend the Easter Sunrise Service, at which Birdie, played by the wonderful Lillian Randolph, is to have a solo in the choir.  Intentions are good, but, for corn's sake, we know how Gildy, played by Harold Peary, messes up.  This episode was broadcast April 9, 1952.

Have a listen to the shenanigans while you're preparing for the holiday.  

As today is Passover, I had hoped to find an old-time radio tribute to that holiday, but the only show, radio or TV, that seemed to visit Passover as a topic was The Goldbergs, which of course, ran on radio from 1929 through 1946, and then enjoyed a popular run on TV from 1949 to 1956.  I couldn't locate the episode called, "The Passover Seder," but I'll keep trying.  If you know of any other old-time radio or classic TV episodes that feature Passover, I'd love to hear about it.

Since Christ was actually observing a Passover meal at The Lord's Supper, one would think discussion of Passover would have a bigger place in modern Easter observances, with a little less emphasis on bunnies, chocolate or otherwise.

Not that I have anything against chocolate bunnies.  Heaven forfend.  

I suppose there's always The Ten Commandments (1956). I usually watch that when I'm eating my chocolate Easter bunny.

We had a look at the movies based on Our Miss Brooks and The Great Gildersleeve, here.

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Jacqueline T. Lynch is the author of Ann Blyth: Actress. Singer. Star. and Movies in Our Time - Hollywood Mirrors and Mimics the Twentieth Century and Hollywood Fights Fascism and Christmas in Classic Films. TO JOIN HER READERS' GROUP - follow this link for a free book as a thank-you for joining.

My new non-fiction book, CHILDREN'S WARTIME ADVENTURE NOVELS - The Silent Generation's Vicarious Experience of World War II -- is now available in eBook here at Barnes & Noble, Apple, Kobo, and a wide variety of other online shops.

Or here from my Shopify store if you want to buy direct from me and avoid the big companies.

And it is here in eBook, paperback print, and hardcover, from Amazon.

It is also here in paperback from Ingram.

And here in hardcover from Ingram.

From Cherry Ames, to Meet the Malones, from Dave Dawson to Kitty Carter - Canteen Girl, the Silent Generation spent their childhood immersed in geopolitical events through the prism of their middle grade and young adult books.  From the home front to the battlefield, these books are a window on their world, and influenced their hard-working, conformity-loving generation. 

Buy this or any of my books online here at Bookshop.org.

Ward Cleaver's World War II heroism

Ward Cleaver sat sipping coffee with his wife, June, in their suburban kitchen and mentioned, “When I was in the Seabees, I got into a fight over a picture of Lana Turner.”  

It’s not something we expect of Ward, but little droplets of his life through the series, before he came The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit and his children’s go-to guy for getting them out of trouble, were fascinating.  More than his children realized, he was the epitome of the Greatest Generation and what happened to them after the war.

This is my entry into the 12th Annual Favourite TV Show Episode Blogathon, hosted by Terence over at his wonderful A Shroud of Thoughts blog.  I look forward to this blogathon every year because it gives me a chance to showcase performances by actors from classic films who took guest spots, or sometimes took their entire careers, over to the small screen.

Hugh Beaumont, who played Ward Cleaver, the father on Leave it to Beaver (1957-1963), was one such actor who began his film career in 1940 (we covered his role in The Blue Dahlia – 1946 here), and played a variety of supporting roles in big films, starring roles in B-movies, and lots of uncredited parts.  He was in his late forties when Leave it to Beaver gave him steady work, made him a household name, and for generations afterward, made him the number one dad on TV.

One of the most well-remembered shows of the era—largely because succeeding generations have grown up with reruns, featured Beaumont, Barbara Billingsley as his wife, June; Tony Dow played their older boy, Wally… “and Jerry Mathers as The Beaver.”  The show was well-written, often quite funny, and Jerry Mathers was probably one of the most natural child actors of the day.  The boys were average kids revealing the world of postwar childhood to their occasionally baffled elders, and each episode ended with some kind of lesson—but often not for the boys, rather, for their parents.  This represented a sea change in TV sitcoms and reflected the growing importance, and perhaps coddling, of The Baby Boomers.  (Though to be accurate, Wally, who was supposed to be 13 years old when the show started in 1957, would have been born during World War II, and therefore, technically not a Boomer.)

When television dawned in the living rooms of (some) American homes at the end of the 1940s and early 1950s, popular shows were geared more to the Greatest Generation, the ones who were buying the TV sets.  After a day of work, they would unwind with comic Milton Berle on The Texaco Star Theater, Jackie Gleason on The Honeymooners, or the brilliant, Your Shows of Shows with Sid Caesar, Carl Reiner, Imogene Coca, and a cast that couldn’t be beat.

These were mostly sketch comedies, but even The Honeymooners, which could be considered a sit-com, did not feature children in the cast.  These were shows for grownups, the stars were their contemporaries, and though kids could enjoy them, the shows did not spotlight their experience, their world.

As the fifties progressed, more family sit-coms appeared, but even Make Room for Daddy, centered more on star Danny Thomas than on his children.  One could say Robert Young of Father Knows Best, at least got equal time with his kids, mostly.  By the time Leave it to Beaver appeared in the fall of 1957, television began more and more to showcase, and to market to, the young Boomers.

Hence, we have Ward Cleaver, a likable, intelligent man with a likable intelligent wife, taking a backseat to the adventures of their kids. We don’t know much about Ward and June.  Hints drip out once in a while about her boarding school, his growing up on a farm, their meeting in college.  They have social engagements only once in a great while with friends they otherwise never discuss.  

The wonderful boor Fred Rutherford, who works in Ward’s office, is seen more as a pain in the neck than a friend. 

Even Beaver and Wally never seem to know much about their parents and are always surprised they had a life before the kids came along.  The Boomers usurped the Greatest Generation in part due to their parents’ doting on the kids, and also living in the moment after what were likely difficult childhoods in the Great Depression and the world blowing up when they came of age.  They were forward-looking people, who wanted orderly quiet now, and as a result, unless their children were persistent in asking about “the old days,” they might never know.

As a child, I liked the boys and their exploits—though it annoyed me that they were such terrific liars.  Nice boys, to be sure, but in each episode, they lied about something and thereby needing to be rescued by dad.  Unlike their parents, we got to meet all the kids’ friends (and most of them really funny).  Oddly, all the kids’ friends were backstabbers.  Truly, a strange dynamic at work here.  (Although all Larry Mondello would have to do would be to enter a room and I’d crack up.)

I was drawn more to the adults.  I even liked Fred Rutherford.  I liked Mrs. Rayburn, the principal.  I still do.  She’s one of my favorites on the show.

I especially liked Ward and June.  I think I felt sorry for him with his several reminisces of having a strict, somewhat mean-sounding father, and so he went over backwards to try to be lenient with his sons.  Ward actually resembled my father a little, though in personality was nothing like him.  They were both tall, lean, and had the same haircut.  My father served in the South Pacific during World War II, and so did Ward. 

Ward served in the U.S. Naval Construction Battalions, called “CB” or Seabees.  Formed in 1942, it supported Navy and Marines, and is now the U.S. Naval Construction Forces.

Ward’s mention of getting into a fight over a photo of Lana Turner was in season 6, episode 29, “Eddie's Sweater.” 

In “The Visiting Aunts” (December 18, 1958, season 2, episode 13),  Ward recollects wryly of Aunt Martha and her friend, whose husband is always referred to as “The General,” came to their wedding and was surprised that June was marrying a Seabee, as if that wasn’t good enough for an Army man.

In “The Perfect Father” (March 14, 1958, season 1, episode 22), Ward puts up basketball hoop over the garage for the boys.  He muses “I must have put up hundreds of those all over the South Pacific when I was in the Seabees.”  June teasingly responds, “I guess we all contributed to victory in our own way.”

June, we learn in “Mother’s Day Composition” (April 30, 1960, season 3, episode 31), volunteered at a USO during the war and served coffee and donuts. This was not quite as impressive as Beaver’s friend Richard’s mother, who was a WAC private, then a corporal, and eventually became a captain. In “Kite Day” (June 10, 1961, season 3, episode 37) we learn his father flew a P-38 in the war.  Beaver scoffs, “Ah, those are so old, they don’t even make models of them anymore.”

So much for past glory.  Even Eddie Haskel (Ken Osmond was great in this memorable role) suffered shame when in “Summer in Alaska” (May 9, 1963, Season 6, episode 33), Wally recalls that when they were kids, Eddie bragged that his father was a three-star general in the war, but they found out otherwise when they discovered Mr. Haskel’s air raid helmet in a closet, proving he was a civilian air raid warden during the war. 

During the war, anyone doing his bit was considered patriotic, but to the kids growing up later in peacetime, only the most heroic actions would be worth bragging about.  We come to “Beaver’s Hero” (April 9, 1959, season 2, episode 28), when the boys discover the secrets of their father’s wartime footlocker.

Mr. Willet (played by Wendell Holmes) is Beaver’s substitute teacher (Miss Landers is sick) and he tells the class about the world war. Wally asks The Beav, “Which world war?”

Beaver replies, “You mean there was a lot of them?”

“There’s two of them that I heard about.”

Beaver responds, “I think it was the one that President Eisenhower was in.”

“Yeah, that’s the one Dad was in, too.”

Beaver asks his mother, “Was Dad and Mr. Eisenhower in the same war?”

June says yes and Beaver replies, “It’s something having your father in the same war with the president.”

This, his ignorance, I found stretching credulity as a child, as those of us who had parents in World War II certainly knew about the war, because being only 20 or 25 years ago was still part of the social memory.  Also, we watched Combat when we were kids and took turns playing Vic Morrow and Rick Jason.  I can recall wearing plastic World War II-style helmets and throwing plastic grenades over a fence into a neighbor’s yard, and the bunch of us running to “hit the dirt” on someone else’s front lawn, covering our heads and making “ka-pow” noises.  When it was safe to stand, we had to climb over the fence into the neighbor’s yard to retrieve the plastic grenades.  Something which I never saw Vic Morrow or Rick Jason do, by the way.

So there were times I found Wally and Beav’s self-involved ignorance rather frustrating.  But, to continue…

Back in class, Judy Hensler (played by Jeri Weil), brags that her father was a hero who flew his own plane in World War II.  Gilbert’s uncle was a Marine sergeant who was “almost a general.”

(I like how the teacher calls the kids by their surnames and “ladies and gentlemen.”  I didn’t run into that until college.)

Beaver tells the kids his father was a hero, that he has a trunk in the garage full of guns and grenades, “and all kinds of stuff he took off of enemy guys.”  Judy accuses him of being a liar, which makes her very smart, because he is.

Wally and Beaver look at the trunk in the garage with the Seabees insignia. Their mascot emblem was a fighting bumblebee with a machinegun, a wrench, and a hammer.  Wally assumes the reason the bumblebee is carrying a hammer is so that if they “miss the guys with the gun, then they can hit him with a hammer.” There are photos of young June pasted on the lid of the footlocker, starlet photos of Barbara Billingsley.  Beaver has to be told that this is his mother and that she was ever that young.

He finds a T-square and thinks it’s a sword.  There is a tripod for surveying, that he thinks is the “bottom of some kind of machine gun,” and a transit, which Beaver thinks is a gun barrel.  With each item, Beaver spins a fantasy narrative, but Wally has his doubts, and Ward interrupts. He laughs at an old photo of himself the boys have dug out of the trunk.  He and a buddy, both bearded, are wearing grass skirts on some South Pacific island base and mugging for the camera.  My dad had a couple silly photos of his pals, too. He sent a grass skirt home to my mother.  I still have it. Generations have used it for costumes. My sister labeled the bag it’s in, “Mother’s Grass Skirt,” which, provocative-sounding, makes me laugh every time I see it.

“How many guys did you kill in the war, Dad?”  Beaver asks, finally getting to what is the meat of the matter for him.

Ward tells him he didn’t kill anyone. Explains the Seabees, and that his primary job was building airfields and bases.

Beaver wonders, disappointed, “Gee, Dad, was all you did in the war was see if the ground was level?”

Ward answers, with a somewhat weary tone in his voice, remembering, “I sure did a lot it, Beaver.  Acres and acres.”

Now Beaver has a dilemma; his friends will know he is a liar, and also find out that his dad was not a war hero, which is probably the bigger shame for him.  He tells Wally, “How was I supposed to know that all Dad did in the war was measure dirt.”

Mr. Willet calls and asks Beaver to bring his father’s war souvenirs to class, but not to bring anything dangerous.  “You’d better check with your father.”  Good idea.

To help cover for the Beav, Wally writes a false letter from Ward to June, dating it from the war period, to document his bravery, which is typically funny. It’s not the first phony note Wally has written for him.  “Dear Mom…”

“Wally, he calls her June.”

Wally writes Ward’s position from Wake Island, because he cannot spell Guadalcanal.  He writes how Ward captured 65 prisoners, and the general said, “Good goin’, Ward.”

Ultimately, Beaver decides not to use it and throws it away.  Ward finds the letter and calls Mr. Willet to explain, and the teacher, with great delicacy, decides to change the focus of the class to the Louisiana Purchase and move off World War II.  Nice guy.

Ward tells Beaver, “There were thousands of us in the service who weren’t heroes.”

Beaver answers, “Yeah, but a guy likes to think his father was.”

“Well, you see Beaver, they put a man where they thought he could do the best job.  Now, I was an engineer, so I could do a better job with tools than I could with guns.  There were lots of fellows in the Seabees who were heroes, but I just didn't happen to be one of them.”

Beaver responds, considerately, “You know, Dad, I’ll bet you were the best dirt leveler in the whole Seabees.”

I’ll bet he was, when he wasn’t hanging up basketball hoops for his bearded buddies.

Hugh Beaumont was actually a Methodist minister, who was a conscientious objector during World War II, and served as an Army medic.  As mentioned previously on this blog, Lew Ayres, who was also a conscientious objector, volunteered for the U.S. Army Medical Corps and served as a medic and chaplain’s aide in the South Pacific under fire, earning three battle stars. I don’t know if Beaumont served stateside or overseas. Even during the run of Leave it to Beaver, he served part-time in various churches as a lay minister.

Richard Deacon, our beloved Fred Rutherford, also served in the U.S. Army Medical Corps, and had studied medicine in college before turning to acting.

Too bad the school principal, Mrs. Rayburn wasn’t in this episode.  Doris Packer, who played her, served in the U.S. Women’s Army Corps, a WAC like Richard’s mother.  She entered as a private and reached the rank of Technical Sergeant.

The war touched everyone in that generation, in one way or another. Most of them put it aside pretty quickly and moved on, just as they'd put the Great Depression behind them, like Ward and June, in their comfortable suburban home, trying to make the kids' childhoods easier than theirs, and two boys who didn’t know how lucky they were.

Have a look at some other terrific posts in the 12th Annual Favourite TV Show Episode Blogathon over at A Shroud of Thoughts.

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Jacqueline T. Lynch is the author of Ann Blyth: Actress. Singer. Star. and Movies in Our Time - Hollywood Mirrors and Mimics the Twentieth Century and Hollywood Fights Fascism and Christmas in Classic Films. TO JOIN HER READERS' GROUP - follow this link for a free book as a thank-you for joining.

My new non-fiction book, CHILDREN'S WARTIME ADVENTURE NOVELS - The Silent Generation's Vicarious Experience of World War II -- is now available in eBook here at Barnes & Noble, Apple, Kobo, and a wide variety of other online shops.

Or here from my Shopify store if you want to buy direct from me and avoid the big companies.

And it is here in eBook, paperback print, and hardcover, from Amazon.

It is also here in paperback from Ingram.

And here in hardcover from Ingram.

From Cherry Ames, to Meet the Malones, from Dave Dawson to Kitty Carter - Canteen Girl, the Silent Generation spent their childhood immersed in geopolitical events through the prism of their middle grade and young adult books.  From the home front to the battlefield, these books are a window on their world, and influenced their hard-working, conformity-loving generation. 

Buy this or any of my books online here at Bookshop.org.

Inherit the Wind - 1960

Inherit the Wind (1960) pits Fredric March versus Spencer Tracy, and fundamentalist religion versus science, but at its core is the premise that knowledge should not be repressed because the religious right is uncomfortable with it.

This is obviously a timely message for our present era, but the script was based on the 1955 play by Robert E. Lee and Jerome Lawrence, whose message was more about the repression of McCarthyism than creationism, who used the famous standoff of the 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial to reflect on not only the right of free speech, but of the very right to think for oneself.

“An idea is a greater monument than a cathedral,” goes one line in this strong, literate script.

As regards the battle between Mr. March and Mr. Tracy as actors, it is a pleasure to see two old lions with juicy character parts to play.  Since much of the story takes place in a courtroom, which is inherently dramatic, this gives them a notable setting to joust. 

Spencer Tracy, of course, was famous for stealing a scene just by standing still, but Fredric March stretches even his usual strong screen presence by unrepentant scenery chewing in this movie.  At times, it appears to render his character somewhat cartoonish, but then, we know that bombastic men who enjoy public notoriety can sometimes appear cartoonish.

Directed by Stanley Kramer, the film is rich in atmosphere with the setting of a small Southern town almost lyric in its storytelling.  I love the slow-moving camera that glides around characters in a scene without sharp, abrupt cuts. 

We begin with the tick-tock of the clock on the courthouse, and the march of a sheriff, joined by others including a minister, to the jailhouse to retrieve the prisoner for his trial.  There is no one else on the streets, and its almost like a “high noon” showdown in a western.

There is no desperado in the jail, however, just young Dick York, a high school science teacher who has taught his class about evolution from Charles Darwin’s Descent of Man. We will soon see that it is something of a show trial rather than a criminal indictment; the creationists have enticed a nationally known public speaker to prosecute the case, and an equally nationally known lawyer arrives to defend Dick York. 

York plays his role with sensitivity and nuance, he was really a fine actor before his more well-known gig as Darrin Stevens in the TV show, Bewitched. His character is overwhelmed by the attention, pained over the separation from his fiancée, who is not sure his crusade is either wise or necessary, and ultimately he takes a principled stand because of the trauma inflicted on the parents of a student by fundamentalist insensitivity over their son’s tragic death.

Gene Kelly plays a smart-aleck reporter, whose newspaper has provided the services of Spencer Tracy as a means to showcase the event and sell papers. 

Florence Eldridge, the real-life wife of Fredric March, plays his wife here.  This was the final of several films she made with her husband. We last saw her play his longsuffering wife here in Another Part of the Forest (1948).  She is not so longsuffering in Inherit the Wind, but she does have a lot to contend with keeping her larger-than-life husband supported with her understanding, fried chicken, and occasional admonishments to keep him in line.

The characters played by Spencer Tracy, Fredric March, Florence Eldridge, Gene Kelly, and Dick York are, of course, all based on real-life people.  They are given fictional names here, perhaps to keep the story more of a parable than a documentary.  The real figures are William Jennings Bryan, who like his fictional counterpart played by March is a three-time unsuccessful candidate for president, was a Secretary of State under President Wilson, and a noted orator whose “Cross of Gold” speech in 1896 pushing for keeping the U.S. off the gold standard monetary system made him a giant of nineteenth-century American politics. He, like his fictional counterpart, also supported women’s right to vote, which makes him a fascinating contradiction.

Spencer Tracy’s character is based on Clarence Darrow, eminent attorney and one-time supporter of William Jennings Bryan in his presidential campaigns.  It also seems like an abrupt contradiction when Tracy and March meet at the local hotel and we think the fireworks will start, but they greet each other as old friends. 

First, Tracy greets Florence Eldridge warmly; they are old friends, too.  We are set up to understand that though the citizens of this small town who clamor at the courthouse and burn Dick York in effigy are hot under the collar at feeling their religious beliefs are threatened, the fight between the two old gladiators is an intellectual sparring of mutual respect. 

Gene Kelly’s character is based on the acerbic journalist H.L. Menken, himself a bundle of contradictions who enjoyed tearing down pomposity, but was himself an elitist, who was not a fan of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal.

The so-called Scopes Monkey Trial occurred in Dayton, Tennessee, in a blistering hot week of July 1925.  Here in the movie, a local funeral parlor passes out fans with their advertising to the people in the courtroom.  Later in the film, the two combatant counsels get permission to peel off their suit coats. (In the real trial, the proceedings were finally allowed to take place outdoors due to the awful heat in the courtroom.)

Because the teaching of evolution is taken as a blasphemy by creationists who take the Bible as literal, and is illegal in Tennessee, the story quickly becomes, as it did in 1925, a fight to preserve religious teaching from being pushed aside in relevance by scientific thought.  We begin the story, as the men march to from the courthouse, one of them wearing a clerical collar, we hear an acapella rendition of “Give Me That Old-Time Religion.”  It sung as a slow, stately dirge by Leslie Uggams.  This is just a voiceover, however.  We do not see her, nor do we see any people of color in this movie.  Another interesting contradiction.

This is a somber moment, and though the quiet streets of this small town will soon be filled with street vendors selling souvenirs and hot dogs, and an actual carnival with a Ferris Wheel, the intent at the outset in this community is to keep their dignity and pride.

In the courtroom, Mr. Tracy and Mr. March, both of nimble minds despite their tired bodies, hash out not so much the Constitutional ideas of separation of church and state, or the First Amendment, but rather confine themselves almost entirely to biblical logic and illogic. 

Mr. March states with authority that the world began in 4,004 B.C. on October 4^th at 9:00 a.m., and Mr. Tracy after some thrust and parry, gets Mr. March to admit that the day at the time of creation might not have been a precise 24 hours.  One day might have lasted years, or eons.

This is the crux of the courtroom battle, for Tracy’s expert witnesses, all representing scientific disciplines, are disallowed by the judge, played by Harry Morgan.  To build his case, Tracy must rely on putting Mr. March on the stand instead and using Mr. March’s formidable knowledge of the Bible to turn the tables on him. 

Because they are old colleagues and know each other well, the twists and turns of their minds is like playing chess with a familiar opponent.

Fredric March, rather than protest, actually enjoys being put on the stand because he is something of a grandstander, who clearly directs his remarks not to the jury, and not to Mr. Tracy, but rather to the crowd in packed seats in the courthouse, and the new-fangled radio microphone in court.  He loves an audience.

This is where March does most of his mugging and scenery chewing, but how close this came to the real William Jennings Bryan, I really don’t know.  He is, at least in the film, an example of a highly intelligent man who enjoys an argument, but with God on his side, anyone who opposes him must be morally deficient.  The townspeople, already disposed to find fault with Dick York’s teaching evolution in his science class to their teenagers, is gleeful to see his lawyer marked as a heretic. 

At one point, we see Fredric March, along with his wife, show great compassion and concern for Dick York’s fiancée, played by Donna Anderson.  She is troubled by the trial, especially since her father is actually the minister, played by Claude Akins.  He is a fire-and-brimstone preacher, and in one scene, when he prays to a photo of his deceased wife in his daughter’s presence, begging his wife not to condemn their daughter for loving and defending a heretic schoolteacher, from falling from the way of grace, and we see he is unfeeling, cold, manipulative, and arrogant.  When she seeks guidance in the matter from March, he is kind and we see another side of the famous grandstander.

However, in confidence, she has told him that Dick York left the church.  A student of his drowned two years previously, a 13-year-old boy, and Preacher Claude Akins said the boy was damned because he had not been baptized.  This infuriates Dick York, and pains the boy's parents, who are in the courtroom.  His father is played by Noah Beery.

March gets her on the stand and twists her words to break her, until his wife, Florence Eldridge, from the gallery, shouts his name to stop.  Is he trying to get the fiancée to repent of loving Dick York and shame her as her father tried to earlier, or does he just really want to win this case?  Is it his religious zeal or his competitiveness that turns him to cruelty?

Beyond the scenery chewing, the other aspects of March’s portrayal I find distracting is his heavy makeup and obvious skull cap to replicate William Jennings Bryan’s baldness.

Spencer Tracy manages to mock Fredric March enough to the point where even the devout gallery snickers at March and applauds Tracy, and that evening when March and Florence Eldridge retire to their hotel room, he is an exhausted and frustrated man, hurt at being laughed at in court.  We wonder if he is emotionally stable.

At the end of the trial, his character collapses in court from the heat and dies, as did the real William Jennings Bryan (though some weeks after the trial was over).  In the next scene, when Tracy is quietly packing his briefcase in court, and Gene Kelly snidely congratulates him and triumphs over the theatrical ending of Fredric March, Tracy pays tribute to March.  He calls him a great man. 

Mr. Kelly teases Tracy, and they have a brief war of words, and Kelly learns and delights in the contradictions he has discovered in Tracy.

All the three principal men in this story have their contradictions, and we leave it to Florence Eldridge’s summation when Donna Anderson confronts her about her husband’s cruel fanaticism:  “My husband is neither a saint nor a devil, and he makes mistakes…if he’s been wrong, at least he stands for something.”

Gene Kelly stands for nothing, he’s only here for the deliciously cynical mocking.  As Tracy says to him, “You never pushed a noun against a verb except to blow up something.”

One of Kelly’s lines I love: “It’s a newspaperman’s duty to comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable.”

As Tracy leaves the courtroom, we hear Leslie Uggams’ lovely voice again, acapella, singing “The Battle Hymn of the Republic.”  It is slightly more triumphant-sounding, but still a sober reflection as a national song against the Civil War rebellion and the lauding of the Republic, but a republic that rejoices in victory as “the coming of the Lord.”  Again, another thought-provoking contradiction.  We are a nation full of them.

Inherit the Wind, (which Tracy quotes from the Bible, “he that troubleth his own house shall inherit the wind” Proverbs 11:29) is one of the films from that pivotal era I mentioned in this post on A Face in the Crowd (1957):  There was…

“…something noticeably different about movies in the late 1950s and early 1960s.  There is no name for them, at least not that I know of, but they are pointedly liberal in their message.  Films like Inherit the Wind, Twelve Angry Men, Judgment at Nuremberg, The Miracle Worker, To Kill a Mockingbird, Seven Days in May, are different from the cynical noir of the late 1940s and early 1950s, as if in the wake of crumbling of McCarthyism, an era when liberals were politically and legally persecuted, when the Silent Generation marched cautiously, blindly toward the New Frontier, the writers—who were the most persecuted under McCarthyism, came out from the noir shadows and said, 'Enough.  Our turn in the sun now.'”  

Inherit the Wind, which comes out of the McCarthy era, is really about free speech, including, but not only, the right to quote from other than the Bible.  As Tracy says, “It is a good book, but it is not the only book.”

I recall an incident from when I was in college, I think it was in 1980.   I had a geology class, and the professor cheerfully announced that anyone in class who may have had deep religious beliefs need not be unsettled by the Big Bang theory of the creation of the universe, because it could have been God who created the Big Bang.

I was shocked by his announcement.  I had been raised to go to church and considered myself religious, yet I found nothing upsetting by learning about science.  It never occurred to me that a college professor in a very progressive state (Massachusetts) would feel the need to placate anyone about science possibly refuting their literal interpretation of the Bible.  

No one in class, as I remember, made any comment or reacted, so perhaps I was the only one surprised.  Along with church, I was also raised on the notion of separation of church and state.  

I thought he was a good teacher, and I enjoyed the class, and soon we were engrossed in talking about another Big Bang, as that was the year Mount Saint Helens erupted.  He never mentioned anything about that being in the Bible.

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Jacqueline T. Lynch is the author of Ann Blyth: Actress. Singer. Star. and Movies in Our Time - Hollywood Mirrors and Mimics the Twentieth Century and Hollywood Fights Fascism and Christmas in Classic Films. TO JOIN HER READERS' GROUP - follow this link for a free book as a thank-you for joining.

My new non-fiction book, CHILDREN'S WARTIME ADVENTURE NOVELS - The Silent Generation's Vicarious Experience of World War II -- is now available in eBook here at Barnes & Noble, Apple, Kobo, and a wide variety of other online shops.

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From Cherry Ames, to Meet the Malones, from Dave Dawson to Kitty Carter - Canteen Girl, the Silent Generation spent their childhood immersed in geopolitical events through the prism of their middle grade and young adult books.  From the home front to the battlefield, these books are a window on their world, and influenced their hard-working, conformity-loving generation. 

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